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© Shutterstock/ Aerovista Luchtfotografie | A hyperscale data centre uses energy produced by wind turbines in Groningen, the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) on 10 July launched The Digital Economy Report 2024, shedding light on the significant environmental impact of the global digital sector and the disproportionate burden developing countries bear. This detailed report highlights that while digitalization drives global economic growth and offers unique opportunities for developing countries, its environmental repercussions are becoming increasingly severe. Developing countries remain unevenly affected both economically and ecologically due to existing digital and development divides but they have the potential to leverage this digital shift to foster development.
UN Trade and Development Secretary-General Rebeca Grynspan underlined the need for a balanced approach: “We must harness the power of digitalization to advance inclusive and sustainable development, while mitigating its negative environmental impacts. This requires a shift towards a circular digital economy, characterized by responsible consumption and production, renewable energy use and comprehensive e-waste management. The digital economy’s growing environmental impact can be reversed”.
The report emphasizes the pressing need to address the environmental costs of rapid digital transformation. Key concerns include the depletion of finite raw materials for digital and low-carbon technologies, escalating water and energy consumption and the growing issue of digitalization-related waste. As digitalization progresses at an unprecedented rate, understanding its link to environmental sustainability becomes increasingly critical.
Developing countries are pivotal in the global supply chain for transition minerals and metals, which are highly concentrated in a few regions. Africa’s vast mineral deposits, essential for the global shift to low-carbon and digital technologies, include cobalt, copper, and lithium, crucial for a sustainable energy future. The continent holds significant reserves: 55% of the world’s cobalt, 47.65% of manganese, 21.6% of natural graphite, 5.9% of copper, 5.6% of nickel and 1% of lithium.
According to the World Bank, demand for minerals required for digitalization like graphite, lithium, and cobalt could surge by 500% by 2050. The increased demand presents a development opportunity for resource-rich developing countries if they can add value to extracted minerals, utilize proceeds effectively and diversify within the value chain and other sectors.
Amid current global crises, limited fiscal space, slow growth and high debt, developing countries should maximize this opportunity by domestic processing and manufacturing. This would help them secure a larger share of the global digital economy, generate governments revenues, finance development, overcome commodity dependence, create jobs and raise living standards.
Rising global demand for clean energy commodities is already boosting driving foreign direct investment in Latin America, accounting for 23% of the region’s greenfield project value over the past two years.
The environmental footprint of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector is significant, encompassing the entire lifecycle of digital devices and infrastructure – from raw material extraction and processing to manufacturing, distribution, usage, and disposal. This process consumes vast amounts of transition minerals, energy, and water, significantly contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.
In 2020, the ICT sector’s CO2 equivalent emissions were estimated between 0.69 to 1.6 gigatons, accounting for 1.5–3.2% of global greenhouse gas emissions, a figure that is expected to rise with the growth of the digital economy.
The development of artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency mining are of particular concern. Bitcoin mining, for example, saw its global energy consumption increase approximately 34-fold between 2015 and 2023, reaching an estimated 121 TWh. Between 2018 and 2022, the electricity consumption of 13 major data centre operators more than doubled, highlighting the urgent need to address the energy and water footprints of these technologies.
E-commerce has surged, with online shoppers growing from fewer than 100 million in 2000 to 2.3 billion in 2021. This increase has led to a 30% rise in digital-related waste from 2010 to 2022, reaching 10.5 million tons globally. Inadequate handling and disposal of digital waste exacerbates environmental inequalities, disproportionately impacting developing countries.
UNCTAD advocates for innovative business models and robust policies to enhance the sustainability of digital growth. Key recommendations include:
UNCTAD urgently calls on the international community to implement comprehensive policies fostering a circular digital economy, minimizing environmental impacts, and bridging the digital divide. Most developing countries need further digitalization to participate effectively in the global economy. Immediate and coordinated efforts from governments, industry leaders, and civil society are essential for sustainable and inclusive digital development. Current discussions on a Global Digital Compact and the upcoming 20-years review of the World Summit on the Information Society can be leveraged to this end.
The report underlines the need to integrate digital and environmental policies and calls for urgent and bold action to ensure an equitable and environmentally responsible digital economy. This approach aims to allow countries to benefit from the opportunities the digital economy presents while safeguarding the interests and well-being of current and future generations.
Sources: UNCTAD, Justice & Paix, UNITAR (SCYCLE), IEA, Ericsson, Semiconductor Industry Association